![]() If you look out at the rocks, the military had never experienced anything like this. “It’s important to realize the ruggedness of this terrain where this war was fought. She says that when the military decided to follow Captain Jack, it didn’t understand how the Modocs would use the landscape to their advantage. Modoc tribal member Cheewa James worked at the monument as a ranger. This undated image of Merrill Cave is an example of one of the hundreds of lava tube caves spread throughout the Lava Beds National Monument in California. The monument covers over 70 square miles and contains more than 800 known caves, one of the largest concentrations of lava tube caves in North America. Today, the Stronghold is part of the Lava Beds National Monument. In this undated image, several petroglyphs are displayed on an ancient cliff at Petroglyph Point in Northern California.Ĭourtesy of the National Park Service Lava Beds National Monument According to the National Park Service, archaeologists estimate petroglyphs and other rock art in the region may date back at least 6,000 years. Indigenous people have lived in the area for thousands of years. Numerous eruptions have created expansive lava flows stretching hundreds of miles through California’s Siskiyou and Modoc counties. The lava beds near the city of Tulelake, California, make up a small region of Medicine Lake Volcano, the largest shield volcano by volume in the Cascade Arc, dating back half a million years. The Modocs retreated to the nearby lava beds, in a place now known as Captain Jack’s Stronghold. When the government refused, Captain Jack left the Klamath Reservation, taking about 150 Modoc people with him.īy the fall of 1872, tensions escalated between Modocs, civilians and the military - marking the beginning of the Modoc War. The area amounted to roughly six square miles of lava flows on otherwise unusable land. The Modoc leader Kintpuash, more commonly known as Captain Jack, repeatedly asked the government to create a separate reservation for his people on a small portion of their traditional homelands in Northern California. The arrangement didn’t work for everyone. In this image circa 1870, Modoc clan leader Kintpuash, also known as Captain Jack, poses in a photographer's studio in Northern California. ![]() The treaty merged the Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin people into one entity as the Klamath Tribe, and placed them all together on the Klamath Reservation. Origins of the conflictĪfter years of conflicts with encroaching white settlers, in 1864, Indigenous tribes in Southern Oregon and Northern California signed a treaty with the United States government. “This is such a complex and sometimes such a sensitive subject, we want to make sure that we recognize that there’s different perspectives on just about every aspect of the Modoc War,” said Todd Kepple of the Klamath County Museum. The activities included lectures, exhibits, tours of battle sites, film screenings and ceremonies to honor the Modoc people and their history. Over the last year, groups throughout the Klamath Basin have held a series of remembrance events, marking the 150th anniversary of the Modoc War and its aftermath. ![]() ” - Robert Burkybile, Modoc Nation of Oklahoma Chief, April 2023 Remembering the sesquicentennial of the Modoc War We are here to gather and remember what our Modoc ancestors endured 150 years ago.
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